Real Estate Will Underperform Inflation for Decades
January 16, 2007
Dan Forshee is an engineer at the Boeing Company and lives in Mukilteo, Washington The census.gov web site clearly indicates that while general prices throughout the economy tripled between 1915 and 1965, from 30.4 to 94.5, rents (the most reliable indicator in the absence of price data) only doubled, from 49.6 to 94.9! This means that if you had bought in 1915 and sold in 1965, you would have lost 33% in purchasing power. Obviously, actual results varied with about half of actual returns even lower and half higher. Tables E135-E166 of the following link provides the source for this information: www2.census.gov  An interesting side note is that over the period of 1915 to 1965, housing costs appreciated in price by an average of only 1.32% per year, or negative 0.8% a year after inflation. The Census data contradict the absurd fantasy often popularized in the media and culture that house prices are a wonderful investment and always provide consistent inflation-beating returns. In fact, in the last century they often underperformed inflation for many decades at a time. There are many legitimate reasons to buy real estate: stability of schools and neighbors, freedom from capricious landlords, certain tax advantages, and mortgage payments that save money every month by being less than the rental of the same unit. If the last 100 years are any indication of the future, expectations of future price appreciation are not a legitimate reason to buy real estate. A large percentage of the current buyers in the real estate boom of the 2000s are buying based on future price appreciation. Unfortunately, this means that the real estate boom of the 2000s is largely based on a myth. As real estate prices return to levels justified by the legitimate reasons, prices will fall in inflation-adjusted terms. Combining the census data for 1914-1970 with data sets from Freddie Mac for the years 1970-2006, the following figure is obtained:
The chart indicates that housing prices in the mid-1990s were about 25% below prices in the mid-1920s. The old adage of our grandparents that “housing is a depreciating asset” was true for a very long time. The 1914 peak in inflation-adjusted terms was only exceeded for the first time in 2005. Even if you don’t believe price statistics, evidence can be gathered with the just two eyes for evidence of the real estate fall in the years following the peak in 1914-1933. In free-market capitalist societies, as land prices get higher, buildings get taller. Higher prices of real estate make it profitable to build tall buildings because the higher construction costs are offset by lower land costs. Most major cities in the United States had tall buildings built between 1914 and 1933 during the real estate boom of that time frame. After the tallest building was built, it typically took about 41 years for the real estate prices to return to levels that would justify buildings of similar height. Here is a data set of example cities: Region Name of City Tallest Building Built during previous peak Year in which the record was broken. Number of years to break the previous peak West Seattle 1914 (Smith Tower) 1969* 55 West Los Angeles 1927 1968 41 West San Francisco 1927 1965 38 Midwest Chicago 1930 1965 35 Midwest Minneapolis 1929 1973 44 Midwest Detroit 1928 1977 49 Midwest Cincinnati 1931 Not yet broken 75+ Midwest Cleveland 1930 1991 61 Midwest St. Paul 1930 1986 56 Midwest Columbus 1927 1973 46 Midwest Kansas City 1931 1980 49 East New York 1931 1970 39 East Philadelphia 1932 1974 42 East Boston 1915 1964 49 East Pittsburgh 1932 1970 38 South Dallas 1923 1943 20 South Houston 1929 1962 33 South Tulsa 1918 1966 48 Foreign Toronto 1931 1967 36 Foreign Mexico City 1956 1984 28 * The space needle is taller and was built in 1962. However, it was built as a show piece, not for economic reasons and therefore is not listed. Even if it is listed, it does not appreciably change the results. Summary by Region: West Coast Average: 45 years Midwest Average: 52 years East Coast Average: 42 years South Average: 34 years Foreign Country Average: 32 years Average of the five regions: 41 years The tall building indicator indicates that it takes about 41 years for a peak real estate market to bottom out and then rise to exceed the previous peak. The tall building indicator UNDERSTATES the time to return to a previous peak because of technological improvement in building construction. Over many decades, construction techniques and equipment improve, lowering construction costs and thereby making it more feasible to build a tall building on a lower cost of land. Assuming the tall building indicator is off by between 50% and 200% due to technology improvements, the 41 years indicated is probably closer to 60 to 120 years for a peak real estate market to exceed its prior peak. The Census and Freddie Mac data on the page 1 backs this up. The peak real estate market of 1914 was not exceeded in inflation-adjusted terms until 2005, fully 91 years later, which is in the middle of the expected range. |